Writing Assignment #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Assignment #2 - Essay Example The debate over possible government breakups of Internet companies began with a recently published book that also chronicles how monopolies in the information industry are almost always caused by government meddling. The book is "The Master Switch" by Tim Wu, a Columbia law professor who coined the term "network neutrality." Setting aside for a moment Mr. Wus call for more aggressive regulation of the Web, he is right that over the past century what he calls "information empires" have hijacked what start out as open systems, almost always with government regulation at fault. "Every few decades," Mr. Wu writes, "a new communications technology appears, bright with promise and possibility." There is innovation but also chaos, as new business models disrupt old ones. The result often is that "the markets invisible hand waves in some great mogul" who promises a more orderly structure for the industry. "Usually enlisting the federal government, this kind of mogul is special for he defines a new type of industry, integrated and centralized." Consider these examples: Telephone. In 1913, the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. asked the federal government to regulate it, in the hopes of creating a monopoly on long-distance service that would let it over time crush local independent providers. With the slogan of "One system, one policy, universal service," AT&T got government-set rates that ensured it strong rates of return for decades while limiting competitors. As Mr. Wu says, "Imagine Microsoft in the 1990s asking the states and the Clinton Justice Department to determine the price of installing Windows or Google today requesting federal guidelines for its search engine." AT&T wasnt broken up until 1984. Radio. In the 1920s, radio was an open medium of unrestricted, competitive communications. Church groups, universities and hobbyists launched radio stations catering to hundreds of different communities of interest. But by the late 1920s,

Recognizing Differences Essay Example for Free

Recognizing Differences Essay The following information will discuss the difference between valuation, depreciation, amortization and depletion. It will also discuss is it appropriate to calculate depreciation using two different methods? What is valuation? â€Å"The process of determining the current worth of an asset or company† (www.investopedia.com). For example if you bought a car a year ago the value of the car will go down. The reason the value goes down is because you have wear and tear on the car so it is not worth as much, so the valuation is looking at the asset (the vehicle) and figuring out how much it is worth after being used. What is Depreciation? â€Å"A method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life. Businesses depreciate long-term assets for both tax and accounting purposes† (www.investopedia.com). The three classes used for depreciation is land improvements, buildings and equipment. If a piece of equipment is bought by a company for two million dollars and the company expects it to be used for 10 years, it will be depreciated over 10 years. This means that every accounting year the company would expense $200,000.00 (assuming the company uses straight-line depreciation). What is Amortization? â€Å"The paying off of debit in regular installments over a period of time† (www.investopedia.com). Amortization is the allocation of only intangible assets, such as copyrights or patents. For example if a company buys a piece of equipment for $45 million dollars and the patent for this equipment is 15 years, this means that $3 million would be recorded as an amortization expense each year. What is depletion? â€Å"An accrual accounting method that companies use to allocate the cost of extracting natural resources such as timber, minerals and oil from the earth† (www.investopedia.com). There are two types of depletion; percentage depletion and cost depletion. When a company is depleting timber the IRS required that the cost method is used. The IRS then required the method that yields the highest deduction to be used for mineral property, and oil from the earth. Yes, it is appropriate to calculate depreciation  using two different methods. Compan ies use the straight-line method on its financial statements for their plant assets. Companies can then use the accelerated method on their income tax return. A company can also be depreciating their equipment for ten years for their financial statements and for their income tax return they can use seven years. References Investopedia (2014): Retrieved March 24, 2014 http://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/valuation.asp Investopedia (2014): Retrieved March 24, 2014 http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/depreciation.asp Investopedia (2014): Retrieved March 24, 2014 http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/amortization.asp Investopedia (2014): Retrieved March 24, 2014 http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/depletion.asp

justifying war Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a person sees all the grisly images of war on the television set they cannot help but think, â€Å"This has got to stop†. But what reasons can this person justify their decision on? There are many people in the world who can only argue their opinion through what they see on TV, which of course is not what war is. In William Earle’s essay â€Å"In Defense of War† and Trudy Govier’s â€Å"Nuclear Illusion and Individual Obligations† we respectively see a pro-war and an anti-war opinion. We must differentiate between the two because Earle’s essay talks about war in generalities but Govier focuses on the nuclear aspect of war. As with most essays discussing similar topics they have their similarities and differences and that will be a big part of discussion here. Subjects referring to the morality and justification as war and exactly what we can use to justify it are some of the few things that will be mentioned. These wi ll also be discussed in ethical terms and what part of ethics they fall into. Along with this will be an analysis of why each essay falls into its given category. The strengths of each essay will be mentioned as well as the weaknesses and a comparison as to which is the stronger essay and which is the weaker essay will be provided. The most important part, however, is the basic understanding of the message that the author is trying to get across. These main points will be highlighted throughout the paper when discussing the essay in question along with the provided evidence that accompanies the argument. Finally, a personal take on the subject from me will be provided just to clarify any discrepancies about what is written. I am writing this (aside from the fact it is a major assignment) in hopes that the reader will take these questions seriously and be able to look at both sides of the debate rationally and without fallacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It only seems appropriate to start this out with Williams Earle’s essay, â€Å"In Defense of War†. I stand beside him when he provides his opinion because I share the same attitude on this subject. In a nutshell, Earle provides a provocative look at the opposition’s view towards war which is the anti-war opinion. It appears that Earle is not like most writers trying to defend his own argument with his own ideas but what he does is position his argument that war is necessary by ... ...essary and does not try to force the idea. He simply wanted to avoid the confusion that often assembles with the media and let the reader make their own free choice. Govier on the other hand did not put up as strong of an argument nor did she explore the opposition. She offered her own ideas to support her own ideas, not being able to provide enough evidence to disregard the opposition as Earle was able to. In this sense we can see how much stronger his essay was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end we have to make a choice. We can either be for or against but all in all it is not up to the general public to make the decision. It was much easier to write on Earle’s essay because it was more distinct than and not quite as ambiguous as Govier’s. It makes perfect sense to me that honor and pride do outweigh the problems with warfare. It seems quite efficient that all three ethical concerns can be drawn into each essay with one being the superior. I also may have been biased in writing this essay because of my standpoint so it is important to take that into account. In conclusion, I do not change my view on the topic but do hope we can solve our conflicts with minimal bloodshed.

World war

Such question can be increasingly heard from radio speakers and be read on the pages of political magazines. Such assumptions relate primarily to the war in Syria and the Ukrainian tense political situation in which experts see a possible cause for conflict of interests of other countries that may lead too new world war. Since March 2011, unrest In Syria have not cease and managed to develop Into a fierce religious war and, according to some, has already claimed the lives of about 93 thousand people. If recently the war In Syria might seem an Internal conflict, now theUkrainian crisis can be drawn Into a bloody fight between major world powers. Now there are more and more of assumption that the Russian Invasion In Ukraine could be the beginning of World War Ill, which nuclear weapons may be used. At the moment, the U. S. Is the most interested side of fueling the conflict in Syria. They have long been eyeing Ukraine, and the Russia invasion in the Ukrainian South- East region, which occurred this spring in Lagans and Donates, gave the U. S. A legitimate reason to intervene in the conflict. Without presenting any formal evidence, the U.S. Laid the blame for the violence on the east border of Ukraine on the Russian attempts to split the country according to Gremlin's plan and expressed commitment to support the Ukrainian anti-terrorist operation in the region! The same pattern was developed a few years ago prior the U. S. Invasion of Iraq. It seems that the situation is repeated. The U. S. Determined to introduce sanctions on Russia, and they are not alone in its decision â€Å"to stand up for the Ukrainian people and to release it from under the yoke of authoritarian rule.They are Joined by Turkey, United Kingdom, France, and some other countries. Russian's actions, on the contrary, was to call to prevent World War Ill, based on unsubstantiated speculation by the U. S. Government, for whom the war in Ukraine could be economically viable. Russian President Vladi mir Putting suggested that attempts to the U. S. Intervention in the Internal affairs of Ukraine to be doomed to failure. Russia intends to prevent the United States to strike the country. China has also expressed the objection to the conflict escalation and agreed to support Russian's actions.At the Pentagon, the Russian government's decision Is not taken seriously, considering that Russian's actions are Limited to expressing their protest and that would be It. And they surely have the reason to think so, If you remember a salary situation in Iraq and Yugoslavia. But somehow it seems that right now the Russian government does not give up its position, and if the U. S. Strike on Ukraine, then Russia may enter the war, which, in turn, will lead to World War Ill. World war 3 By Jonathan to a new world war. Since March 2011, unrest in Syria have not cease and managed to develop into a housing people.If recently the war in Syria might seem an internal conflict, now the Ukrainian crisis can be drawn into a bloody fight between major world powers. Now there are more and more of assumption that the Russian invasion in Ukraine could that attempts to the U. S. Intervention in the internal affairs of Ukraine to be doomed At the Pentagon, the Russian government's decision is not taken seriously, considering that Russian's actions are limited to expressing their protest and that would be it. And they surely have the reason to think so, if you remember a similar World war Mr. Johnson Due date: Friday 18th of October 861 words By Matthew Chin World war 1 was ultimately caused by imperialism. Different nations wanted control over more land and to be the dominant nation in Europe. The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie was a small but very powerful event that led to the beginning of a very long chain of events. Alliances between lots of different countries also contributed to World War 1 .The war first started Just In Europe, but alliances with many other countries outside of Europe caused the conflict In Europe to become a world war. The Arms Race was another factor of the war. Certain European countries competed against each other to see who would have the most powerful army. A large amount of money was spent and pretty much every country In the Arms Race adopted conscription. Global conflicts on such a large scale are rarely ever because of 1 simple cause.Nation leaders acted unreasonably and the war could ver y easily have been prevented, and many lives saved. All the countries that were involved in World War 1 really had one primary desire, to main control of more land for their nation or country. They do this because they are trying to be loyal to their nation and want to do whatever they can for its benefit. This is called imperialism and nationalism. Imperialism and nationalism have been the cause of many long-term tensions and conflicts all around the world, even before the First World War.Countries wanted to take land off other nations because of the raw materials the contained, take care of a threat or for some other need or want. This led to war between nations. As the opposing side were usually nationalists and cared or their country, they would defend it and fight back at the enemy. A very significant act of nationalism was when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated and Austria fought back. Austria then had an excuse to declare war on Serbia and thi s was the first step to world war.This started the chain of events that eventually led to World War 1 . Sometimes, other countries even tried to take over other countries Just to show other nations their dominance and that they were powerful. No matter what the reason, imperialism eventually led to conflict. Imperialism also led to alliances sometimes, when a country wanted the reassurance of another country to make them feel safer and to Increase their chances of success. Alliances also helped the world war to happen.They were not directly starting the war but once a conflict had started, alliances would be like a spark that would start out of control war if some of the nations were involved in an alliance. The countries that started the conflict may think making an alliance with other countries was a very smart decision at the time, but it Just causes more trouble for everybody because ore people being dragged into the war means more people will suffer. World War 1 started off as conflict between a few countries in Europe.But as other countries stepped in, to protect allies, the solvable conflict became a world war. As the world entered into chaos as the war started, the Arms Race in Europe began. The Arms Race was a competition between some of the great powers in Europe for superiority in the army, Ana and air force, by accumulating more weapons, soldiers and developing weaponry. The air force at the time of WWW was not very powerful as technology was not as developed as it is today. Nearly all the countries in World War 1 were involved in the Arms Race. All the countries in the Arms Race had adopted conscription.This is when all the men in that country are forced to enlist in the war as a soldier. This greatly increased the amount of people involved in the war. Large amounts of money were also spent for the purposes of the Arms Race. The great powers of Europe increased military expenditure by 300%! France's standing army in 1913 was 690,000 but rapidly gr ew to 827,000 by 1914! When more weapons are accumulated, the likelihood of war increases, as the Race started before the war did. The Arms Race also led to nations wanting more power. Militarism was especially powerful during this time.World War 1 was a massive war that could not have been the outcome of 1 simple cause. Imperialism, nationalism, the assassination of the Archduke and his wife, militarism, the Arms Race and alliances all played a part in the war. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie was a very significant even in the war that triggered a long chain of events. It started off with Austria declaring war on Serbia, then more countries declared war on each other because of he alliances they had made and the Arms Race Just made the war worse. World war Such question can be increasingly heard from radio speakers and be read on the pages of political magazines. Such assumptions relate primarily to the war in Syria and the Ukrainian tense political situation in which experts see a possible cause for conflict of interests of other countries that may lead too new world war. Since March 2011, unrest In Syria have not cease and managed to develop Into a fierce religious war and, according to some, has already claimed the lives of about 93 thousand people. If recently the war In Syria might seem an Internal conflict, now theUkrainian crisis can be drawn Into a bloody fight between major world powers. Now there are more and more of assumption that the Russian Invasion In Ukraine could be the beginning of World War Ill, which nuclear weapons may be used. At the moment, the U. S. Is the most interested side of fueling the conflict in Syria. They have long been eyeing Ukraine, and the Russia invasion in the Ukrainian South- East region, which occurred this spring in Lagans and Donates, gave the U. S. A legitimate reason to intervene in the conflict. Without presenting any formal evidence, the U.S. Laid the blame for the violence on the east border of Ukraine on the Russian attempts to split the country according to Gremlin's plan and expressed commitment to support the Ukrainian anti-terrorist operation in the region! The same pattern was developed a few years ago prior the U. S. Invasion of Iraq. It seems that the situation is repeated. The U. S. Determined to introduce sanctions on Russia, and they are not alone in its decision â€Å"to stand up for the Ukrainian people and to release it from under the yoke of authoritarian rule.They are Joined by Turkey, United Kingdom, France, and some other countries. Russian's actions, on the contrary, was to call to prevent World War Ill, based on unsubstantiated speculation by the U. S. Government, for whom the war in Ukraine could be economically viable. Russian President Vladi mir Putting suggested that attempts to the U. S. Intervention in the Internal affairs of Ukraine to be doomed to failure. Russia intends to prevent the United States to strike the country. China has also expressed the objection to the conflict escalation and agreed to support Russian's actions.At the Pentagon, the Russian government's decision Is not taken seriously, considering that Russian's actions are Limited to expressing their protest and that would be It. And they surely have the reason to think so, If you remember a salary situation in Iraq and Yugoslavia. But somehow it seems that right now the Russian government does not give up its position, and if the U. S. Strike on Ukraine, then Russia may enter the war, which, in turn, will lead to World War Ill. World war 3 By Jonathan to a new world war. Since March 2011, unrest in Syria have not cease and managed to develop into a housing people.If recently the war in Syria might seem an internal conflict, now the Ukrainian crisis can be drawn into a bloody fight between major world powers. Now there are more and more of assumption that the Russian invasion in Ukraine could that attempts to the U. S. Intervention in the internal affairs of Ukraine to be doomed At the Pentagon, the Russian government's decision is not taken seriously, considering that Russian's actions are limited to expressing their protest and that would be it. And they surely have the reason to think so, if you remember a similar

Interview with a preschool teacher

She was able to give me more Insight on what Is deed to be done to become a teacher and what Is required of her. The person that I interviewed was Ashley Humphreys. She is a lead teacher and the administrator of the united Local Head Start Preschool program that is operated by the Community Action Agency of Columbian County. This is her first year teaching with the program. Before she could become a teacher had to get her Bachelor degree and her preschool license. She graduated from Kent State University in May of 2013.While she was working on her degree she had to do student teaching. She was able to complete it at the following schools: South Range in kindergarten, Southern Local in kindergarten, and United Education Service Center Preschool. Along with having to get her degree Ashley is required to have twenty hours per year in continuing education hours. She also is required to be certified in CPRM and first aid. Ashley has a lot of duties for being the lead teacher and administr ator.As a lead teacher her duties include: making lessons plans weekly, maintaining contact with parents, keeping the children's file updated, entering notes into Teaching Strategies Gold (TTS), riding the bus to either pick up or drop off students, and much more. Administrator requires her to keep all the staff files up to date, maintain safety logs, maintain ratios at all time and much more. A normal day for Ashley would be arriving to school by seven every day. Her While waiting for the students to arrive Ashley is getting everything ready for the day ahead.She would either getting things ready for small groups, get the music ready for the day or she might be cleaning up anything that might be still laying around from the day before. Once her eighteen students arrive at eight A. M. She lets them play with table toys for about ten to fifteen minutes. Breakfast is served at eight fifteen. Once the children are done eating breakfast the children go to centers and are called to brush their teeth while they are playing in center. Once centers are done the children come to the carpet and then do music and the calendar.Once the students have completed those activities they go to small groups. This is where Ashley has each group set up and they are set up to help meet the individuals needs of each child. The individual's needs are indicated on the lesson plans. After small groups the children go back to the carpet and Ashley or her assistant will read a book o the children or have a group discussion over the project they are working on. Lunch will be served then gross motor and then it is time to say goodbye for the day.Ashley loves working with the children. She loves that she can enhance the lives of the children. She enjoys her co-workers. She loves that she has co-workers that think on the same page. It makes it easier when planning activities for the children. Even though Ashley loves her Job there are things about her Job that she dislikes. There are several things that she dislikes about her Job. One of the things she dislikes is owe the laws are changing and it is hard to keep up with the changes.She also dislikes that she is having a hard time find a Job, in a Public school, within her hometown or close to her home. If she would be able to get into a public school she is finding out that her pay rate could be based on test scores. If her class would get lower score on state testing then she could get a pay cut. The only thing that Ashley dislikes about working for Head Start is they pay you very low for all the work they require from you. There are not enough hours in the day to complete everything they sky of you.

Information Technology essays

Information Technology essays Comment and discuss how information technology is changing our traditional patterns of personal communication. Connect your kitchen to a French cooking school... your family room to Mars... your teenager's bedroom to a rock concert. When you live in a connected home, exciting words, pictures, sounds and ideas can reach any room. With 3Com Home products, your whole family can connect to work, school, loved ones and the world today This excerpts is from the home page of 3Com, one of the leading manufacturers of data communication hardware such as modems. This quote gives us a very good idea on how much information technology has been grown in the past few years and the changes happened in our traditional pattern of personal communication. People use Internet communication for many purposes. I identify some of these major purposes with the broad categories of communication, interaction and information. These categories are not mutually exclusive: Someone can participate in Internet communication for a combination of communication, information, and interaction at the same time. Communication: People use the Internet for communication in a ones: Electronic mail, Usenet, chat rooms, video conferencing etc. The most widely used tool on the Internet is electronic mail, or e-mail. E-mail is used to send written messages between individuals or groups of individuals, often geographically separated by large distances. E-mail messages are generally sent from and received by mail servers, computers that are dedicated to processing and directing e-mail. Once a server has received a message it directs it to the specific computer that the email is addressed to. To send email, the process is reversed. A very convenient and inexpensive way to transmit...

What You Should Know About Econometrics

What You Should Know About Econometrics There are many ways to define econometrics, the simplest of which is that they are statistical methods used by economists to test hypotheses using real-world data. More specifically, it quantitatively analyzes economic phenomena in relation to current theories and observations in order to make concise assumptions about large data sets. Questions like Is the value of the Canadian dollar correlated to oil prices? or Does fiscal stimulus really boost the economy? can be answered by applying econometrics to datasets on Canadian dollars, oil prices, fiscal stimulus, and metrics of economic well-being. Monash University defines econometrics as a set of quantitative techniques that are useful for making economic decisions while The Economists Dictionary of Economics defines it as the setting up of mathematical models describing mathematical models describing economic relationships  (such as that the quantity demanded of a good is dependent positively on income and negatively on price), testing the validity of such hypotheses and estimating the parameters in order to obtain a measure of the strengths of the influences of the different independent variables. The Basic Tool of Econometrics: Multiple Linear Regression Model Econometricians use a variety of simple models in order to observe and find correlation within large data sets, but the most essential of these is the multiple linear regression model, which functionally predicts the value of the two dependent variables as a function of the independent variable. Visually, the multiple linear regression model can be viewed as a straight line through data points that represent paired values of the dependent and independent variables. In this, econometricians attempt to find estimators that are unbiased, efficient, and consistent in predicting the values represented by this function. Applied econometrics, then, uses these theoretical practices to observe real-world data and formulate new economic theories, forecast future economic trends, and develop new econometric models which establish a basis for estimating future economic events as they relate to the data set observed. Using Econometric Modeling to Evaluate Data In tandem with the multiple linear regression model, econometricians use a variety of econometric models to study, observe, and form concise observations of large data sets. The â€Å"Economics Glossary† defines an econometric model as one â€Å"formulated so that its parameters can be estimated if one makes the assumption that the model is correct.† Basically, econometric models are observational models that allow for quickly estimating future economic trends based on current estimators and exploratory data analysis. Econometricians often use these models to analyze systems of equations and inequalities such as the theory of supply and demand equilibrium or predicting how a market will change based off of economic factors like the actual value of domestic money or the sales tax on that particular good or service. However, since econometricians cannot typically use controlled experiments, their natural experiments with data sets lead to a variety of observational data issues including variable bias and poor causal analysis that leads to misrepresenting correlations between dependent and independent variables.

3 Things to Research Before Any Job Interview

3 Things to Research Before Any Job Interview There are so many job search how-to articles out there telling you to do your homework, but what exactly does that mean? What homework? What research into these companies you’re interviewing with is actually going to help you? What do you actually need to know to prepare for your job interview? What you would be doingThis seems like an obvious place to start, and it is. But the most important research you can do before going in for an interview is to get a really good sense of what your position would entail on a day-to-day basis. What opportunities are there for growth? How long have people typically stayed in that role? What are the primary responsibilities and requisite qualifications? You can contact current employees on LinkedIn or try to chat with friends of friends that work there, if that helps. Or, sign up for the company newsletter. You’ll be much better prepared and your interviewer will be pleased to notice your keen interest.Who the movers and shakers areIt ’s always a shrewd idea to get an idea of the power players at any particular company. Start with the About page and see who the managers and executives are, then commence your Google stalking. You’ll get a great sense of what kind of talent the company values, and how you might fit in.What it’s like to work thereCulture, culture, culture. Everyone is now officially obsessed with this word. But it’s a useful one. After all, you’ll be spending a massive amount of time in this one place. Best to get a good idea of what it’s like. It will save you a lot of adjustment time if you know what to expect going in. You’ll also get a better idea of what unique personality traits and skills or experiences to emphasize during your interview to net the job.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Research Paper Example If the stomach motility is disturbed then it is possible that the contents would last their much longer and this would increase the bulk of the gastric contents which would reflux into the esophagus (Kumar et al 2005; Dore et al 2008). The reflux from the stomach can lead to esophagitis which means inflammation of the esophagus. The gastric juices entering the stomach can lead to an injury of the gastric mucosa of the esophagus and this leads to irritation in the esophagus. Most of the cases of GERD are primarily seen in children and the clinical features show heartburn, hematemesis or melena. The damage to the esophageal mucosa does not depend upon the symptoms of GERD but rather depend upon the time for which these symptoms have been occurring. If a reflux is not stopped for a long time then it is possible that much of the esophageal mucosa would be damaged. If the condition of GERD gets severe a person would face the problem of bleeding, ulcers, strictures and may possibly develop Barrett Esophagus (Kumar et al 2005; Hall & Guyton 2006). References KUMAR, V., ABBAS, A. K., FAUSTO, N., ROBBINS, S. L., & COTRAN, R. S. (2005).  Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders. Hall, J. E., & Guyton, A. C. (2006).  Guyton & Hall physiology review. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. Top of Form Dore, M.

EU law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

EU law - Essay Example All of these rights were previously established in the EC Treaty. Also relevant in relation to citizens’ rights is article of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, which binds the institutions, bodies and the Member States when they implement EU law. This paper examines the effects of Lisbon treaty. An overview of other treaties Before the signing the Lisbon treaty, the European Union entered into different treaties that lead to the Lisbon one. This section outlines these treaties. The European Coal and Steel Community treaty (ECSC) (Treaty of Paris): this treaty was signed in 1951 in Paris creating regional institutions meant to manage trade of coal and steel. Members who signed this treat included France, Italy, West Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (Chalmers, 2006). European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty (treaty of Rome): This was signed in 1957 by the same countries that formed treaty of Paris. On the same day, another treaty European Atomic Energy Comm unity (the EURATOM Treaty), was signed by the six countries. Other important treaties that followed included. European Communities (the Merger Treaty of 1965): This treaty merged the three previous treaties (ECSC, EURATOM and EEC) to create the European Communities, as known as the community Market, which was signed in 1967 (Chalmers, 2006). Upon the signing of this treaty, key institutions of the European Union were formed; this included the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Court of Justice. Single European Act: this important treaty was reached in 1987, which amended the previous three founding treaties, thus creating an â€Å"internal market† for member states; the market was implemented in 1992. The goals of this treaty included forming a single currency and creating a free market. The Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty): this was reached in 1992 but was enforced in 1993, creating the European Union, whic h was based on the European Communities. This particularly treat founded a â€Å"three pillar† system. The last treaty signed before the Lisbon treaty was the Treaty of Amsterdam, signed in 1997 that was enforced in 1999.this treaty amended and also renumbered the European Union and the European Community (Chalmers, 2006). Lisbon Treaty: provisions on Democratic Principles Democratic principles provided in the Lisbon Treaty fundamentally purposed to enhance the democratic authority of the Union in the Preamble. These new reforms mainly strengthened the role of the European Parliament, country parliaments, as well as providing for citizen’s initiatives, with an aim of increasing democratic legitimacy of the European Union. The Treaties contained provisions focused at cementing democracy in its representatives as well as their participatory dimensions by founding new participatory mechanisms, like the European citizens’ initiative, and new guides of communication and information with the European civil society. The European Parliament (EP): The Lisbon Treaty moved one step ahead in regard to the idea of representation by establishing that the European Parliament should be composed of representatives of the Union’s citizens, appointed for five years through direct universal suffrage in a free and fair secret election. According to these regulations, the European Council had to determine through accord, on the initiative of its Parliament, future composition of the latter

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business ethics - Essay Example Key Issues in the Case Evaluating on Rational Grounds The issue highlighted in the case ignites several other issues, all which are significant to consider in the business environment. Richard Smart, who is currently serving as the CEO of the company has taken the company to a new height. Because of his contributions in company’s growth and success, he is admired by the board of directors and stakeholders of the company. However, the basis on which he was appointed on the seat of CEO was nullified, when the truth was unleashed about false information of his degree from the Harvard University. This explains that he was actually not the deserving applicant, but was selected by misguiding the company about his true qualifications. Another factor that can be assumed on this basis that there might be other lies he had told to the board members to get the position. Therefore, the entire image of Richard Smart is now in serious doubts. The standing dilemma is that the company is doin g good business in his supervision and expelling him would affect the market position of the company. However, the decision on this issue is not limited to the direct success or collapse of the company alone, and there are other factors too that are crucial in ensuring smooth work flow in the company. Among these factors, the concern and issues from stakeholders are of significance importance. Issues that can arise from employees, customers and stockholders have to be evaluated in the decision process. The truth, that the CEO has shown false education document, cannot be kept hidden for long, and would raise doubts in stack holders about the management system of the company when they will learn about this truth (Weiss, 2009). Presenting false documents in the business world is considered an ethical crime and there are definite set of rules for such criminals. When investors will come to know that they have been dealing with a fraud CEO or ‘criminal’ to be precise, their relations and motivation in investing in the company would certainly be lower down (Weiss, 2009). This can directly affect the productivity and market standing of the company, which is against the interest of every individual associated with the company. Moreover, when this issue will come in the knowledge of company’s employees, their trust and respect level for company’s leadership would certainly be decreased. On the other side, replacing the current CEO with a new one will also result in the same thing, as a black spot on company’s supervision and management will remain in the minds of employees (Weiss, 2009). Another critical element is the pressure exerted by the government or general stock holders. Stock holders would certainly pressurize the board of directors to bury the issue from media and customers. Once the image of the company is damaged in front of their customers, it is very hard to regain that reputation (Weiss, 2009). However, if any of the co mpetitor companies got to know that Super Software has built false reputation in the market with a fraud CEO, it can bring reveal this in a press conference. This might lead the company in paying heavy penalties to the government and losing customer loyalty as well. The worst scenario would be when the government is involved in the matter as this could bring the toughest time for the company in defending the reason for hiding the truth. The only way to avoid this happening is to think of a

The Year of Living Dangerously - Vision Can Be a Model for Knowledge Essay

The Year of Living Dangerously - Vision Can Be a Model for Knowledge - Essay Example The symbol comes through Billy helping Guy to see. Guy internalizes traditions of the west as a way of objectifying and distancing the virtue of knowledge when he says, "I gave her to you, and now I'm taking her back (Gibson 16)". By defining self in the opposition context, Guy develops a primary demeanor and attitude of disagreement. The guy makes it clear from the start that there is no way he will involve himself in ensuing affairs. However, Billy takes the initiative of going parallel in a connective and paradoxical manner in exploring the function of vision. Billy associates vision with empathy, commitment, and contact. Billy replaces communion in likeness Guy’s opposition via difference. In his view, Billy wants the verb ‘to see’ remain synonymous with ‘feeling’ as a verb. This is different from other parts of the world as â€Å"Algonquian Indian languages do not have tenses (not that they cannot express time if they wish), but rather have "ani mate" and "inanimate" verb forms, so they automatically think in terms of whether things around them have a life essence or not.† Billy makes effort to visualize the real Djakarta that covers thousands of people living in poor conditions because of humble backgrounds. Therefore, they die from multiple diseases and starvation. Conclusively, the film in celebration of the medium as a movie highlights pessimistic statements concerning possible opportunities. Weir, the director, encounters inherent features met by the visual image when it tries entering the human conscience.

Outlining research area that would like to pursue for my doctoral Proposal

Outlining area that would like to pursue for my doctoral dissertation - Research Proposal Example An example of a leader who has demonstrated servant leadership is Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who is the current President of the Unites Arab Emirates. Using Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, this research study proposes to investigate how servant leadership that has been demonstrated by him has contributed to the peaceful political environment in the country, which is contrary to other Islamic states such as Syria, Yemen, and Egypt that have continued to witness political arrest over the past few years (Beaumont, 47-49). Secondly, the research study proposes to establish how the President’s servant leadership has created a condusive environment for economic progress that UAE has recorded over the past years. The research will employ an investigative approach, which will apply the use of secondary and primary research methods. Under primary research methods, the researcher will randomly select participants from the UAE in order to get their view on the effect of servant leadership in creating a peaceful political environment and condusive environment for economic progress. This research study will be based on the concept of total quality management but it will take a detour from the common studies that have been undertaken in regards to this concept, which have largely been centered on management issues. Moreover, studies conducted by Creech stated that total quality management (TQM) at creating excellence and due to this fact (8); it focuses on promoting the right attitudes within organisations and even implementing control measures in order to avoid costly mistakes (Evans and Lindsey, 45-48). The detour will lead to a research study that seeks to investigate the impact of TQM on the level of productivity amongst the employees. Productivity in this context will refer to the performance measure of both employee effectiveness and

Separation of Ownership and control, and agency costs Assignment

Separation of Ownership and control, and agency costs - Assignment Example The management team is responsible for running the business and taking decisions as and when required but have almost negligible claim on profitability. In such organisations, separation of ownership and control is clearly visible. Many authors have described this relationship, between the shareholders and the management of the firm, as ‘pure agency relationship’. This concept will be further discussed in the essay with the help of ‘agency theory’. The concept of separating ownership and control was aimed to assist the firms to achieve the sole motto of profit maximisation. This concept held the view that organisations should strike a balance between profit maximisation and development of society, which is corporate governance. In the later section, different theories associated with separation of ownership and control will be analysed to determine the cost of agencies. The concept of separation of ownership and control was first introduced by Berle and Means in the year 1932. The agency theory explains that the owner (shareholders) of the firm is the principal and the one who take the responsibility of running and managing the business (management) is the agent. Both the principal and the agent think of their personal gains. The Principal tries to design the governance system for maximising his utility. In the same way, the agent tries to manage the firm for fulfilling his utility. If utility of both principal and the agent coincides, they both enjoy increment in their individual utility. However, often the utility of the agent differs from that of the principal, and the agent tries to maximise his utility at expense of the principal. To minimise such incidences, principal needs to introduce internal control, which results in an extra cost. Thus, the concept of separation in ownership and control is related to agency cost. For minimising the cost, the agency theory introduced different governance to be followed by the company. Often companies

Outlining research area that would like to pursue for my doctoral Proposal

Outlining area that would like to pursue for my doctoral dissertation - Research Proposal Example An example of a leader who has demonstrated servant leadership is Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who is the current President of the Unites Arab Emirates. Using Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, this research study proposes to investigate how servant leadership that has been demonstrated by him has contributed to the peaceful political environment in the country, which is contrary to other Islamic states such as Syria, Yemen, and Egypt that have continued to witness political arrest over the past few years (Beaumont, 47-49). Secondly, the research study proposes to establish how the President’s servant leadership has created a condusive environment for economic progress that UAE has recorded over the past years. The research will employ an investigative approach, which will apply the use of secondary and primary research methods. Under primary research methods, the researcher will randomly select participants from the UAE in order to get their view on the effect of servant leadership in creating a peaceful political environment and condusive environment for economic progress. This research study will be based on the concept of total quality management but it will take a detour from the common studies that have been undertaken in regards to this concept, which have largely been centered on management issues. Moreover, studies conducted by Creech stated that total quality management (TQM) at creating excellence and due to this fact (8); it focuses on promoting the right attitudes within organisations and even implementing control measures in order to avoid costly mistakes (Evans and Lindsey, 45-48). The detour will lead to a research study that seeks to investigate the impact of TQM on the level of productivity amongst the employees. Productivity in this context will refer to the performance measure of both employee effectiveness and

Activity or Working Capital Efficiency Ratios Term Paper

Activity or Working Capital Efficiency Ratios - Term Paper Example Activity ratios are operating efficiency measures, which determine the ability of a company to maximize its output given a certain level of resources. These ratios significantly gauge the asset, investment, and cost management performance of the business entity. Ratios under this category are inventory, creditors’ and debtors’ ratio. The inventory ratio measures the number of days the inventories stay in the company’s distribution center or warehouses. The debtors’ ratio reveals the efficiency of a business organization in collecting its account receivables while creditors’ ratio shows the number of days the company is able to pay its suppliers. Lower numbers are typically preferred in this ratio classification as they signify speed and efficiency of the business organization in dealing with its different transactions.             Appendix 3 shows the working capital efficiency of HR Owen Plc and Antonov Plc. It should be noted that in general, HR Owen is able to boost its efficiency as indicated from the improvement of its inventory and trade creditor ratio. The company is able to reduce the number of days the stocks sit on its warehouse from 84 to 65. HR Owen is also more responsible for its debts it is able to pay its trade creditors in just 12 days. However, HR Owen should still concentrate on its efforts of collecting its receivables from customers. The company reports that it became relatively slower I collecting receivables by three days compared to the 12 days recorded in 2004. The performance of Astronov is again inferior to HR Owen evidenced by its higher debtor’s ratio. The other ratios cannot be computed as the company does not record revenue and cost of sales for the periods considered. Liquidity or solvency ratios are used as measures of the company’s ability to finance its short-term obligations by its cash and near-cash items. Included in these ratios are the current and acid test or quick ratios. Current ratio expresses the â€Å"working capital’ relationship of current assets available to meet the company’s current obligations.†

Kondracke and Vidal Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Kondracke and Vidal Evaluation Essay In the article, â€Å"Don’t Legalize Drugs† by Morton M. Kondracke, writes on the pros and cons of the legalization of drugs in a convincing way to help the reader understand the ultimate downfall of our society if the legalization of drugs does come into effect. His convincing tone is brought together by his logical, outside resources, and predictions from credible doctors. His use of pathos also helps the reader have a deeper understanding of the serious problems of legalizing drugs. As Kondracke states in the beginning, â€Å" if the advocates of legalized drugs do have their way†¦there will also be more unpublicized fatal and maiming crashes, more job accidents, more child neglect, more of almost everything associated with substance abuse: babies born addicted or retarded..† hoping to touch the hearts of the many. Kondracke uses outside resources such as Dr. Robert DuPont who is the former director of the National Institutes of Drug Abuse and his predictions to help further his argument and give credibility. Not only does he share with the reader outside sources and studies, but he mentions many examples by comparing the predictions of legalizing drugs and the actual result of alcohol in America and what effects it would have on our society if alcohol has already done so much to change America. The only real flaw I see with this article is that it is old and much in our society has changed. In the article, â€Å"Drugs: Case for Legalizing Marijuana† by Gore Vidal, his case for the legalization of marijuana is not quite convincing enough to even call it a case. Nothing in his article seems to be believable because he uses no real statistics except for his own when he says, â€Å"†¦I have tried—once—almost every drug and liked none disproving the popular Fu Manchu theory that a single whiff of opium will enslave the mind.† which doesn’t help his case at all seeing that he could have made up that side story on the spot. Not only does he share no real believable evidence, but the article is also over forty years old and things have definitely changed. The seriousness of this article is not well developed enough which gives the reader more of a laugh than deep thinking reasoning.

Essay --

INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT II 016201300090 IR-1 / 2013 2013 I. System Theory – David Easton System theory was first announced by David Easton, a Canadian political scientist in 1965. He is most well-known for his proposal of applying the theory in the world of political science. System theory basically explains about how the environment and social life as well give contribution and affect the political system around them, and the process goes on cyclically. Firstly, there are demands or supports from the surrounding environment of the present time (demands of changes from people/citizens, for example: rise of salary, changes of policy, better welfare and public facilities). These demands are to be said by Easton as inputs, which then will be taken into account to the political system. Secondly, after going through considerations in political system, the received inputs leads the political system into making decisions and or actions, called as outputs given to the social environment (for example: new policy, new rules, new facilities). Thirdly, the ‘outputs’ are given to the environment and the political system lets them interact. If the outputs given resulting in some changes or improvement, it means there are outcomes. Lastly, after some time the environment interacts with the new outputs, there might be some more changes demanded to the outcomes (for example, the new policies/rules are too strict, the facilities needs be tter management). These new demands towards the outcomes are called feedbacks. Feedbacks will once again be taken into account by the political system, which we can consider as the new inputs - in other words it’s back to the first time, hence called a cyclical process. For example... ... utilitarianism could be done in a wrong way. For example, an act of stealing from the rich to give the benefits to the poor, will still be considered a good action. Even though the process could be considered as a crime, the purpose or result however, is to promote the happiness of the poor people; for what matters to utilitarianism is the results only, not the motives nor the methods – hence the questions arise about utilitarianism being unjust. However, according to Mill arguments regarding the protests, justice actually preserves peace among people, and that is the implementation of the definition of utilitarianism itself. Utilitarianism theory can also be implemented in government nowadays in case of creating rules and policies and especially in making decisions, in means that the decisions made can bring out the best results which will actually benefit people.

The State of Despair in American Beauty Essay -- American Beauty Films

The State of Despair in American Beauty In life, everyone must make choices. Choices give an individual the freedom to decide upon the path to which they will follow. Since it’s beginnings, the film making industry has focused on showing the direct relationship between the choices that people make and the resulting consequences they must face. In the movie American Beauty, the character of Lester Burnham must make many important choices that could either lead to his ultimate happiness, or draw him further into his despair. In the movie American Beauty, it is evident that Lester Burnham is in a state of despair. Lester’s dull and monotonous voice introduces the audience to his daily routine of life. When Lester declares plain and simply, â€Å"This is my neighborhood, this is my street, this is my life,† he exposes the lifelessness and unhappiness to which he has become accustomed. The hopeless tone that Lester has set continues when he cynically comments, â€Å"jerking off in the shower will be the high point of my day.† He realizes his family life is no better when he becomes aware that both his disdainful wife and his troubled daughter consider him â€Å"a gigantic loser.† It is easy to recognize and understand Lester’s disheartenment through analysis and symbolic car scene. In this scene, Lester sits slouched down in the back seat with a look of emptiness while his daughter Jane sits up front, next to his wife Caroline who is driving the car. The symbolism is shown through Carolyn driving the car, as she drives the family (especially Lester). She has evolved into the decision-maker, and leader of the Burnham family. Sitting in the backseat, Lester avoids further conflict with his wife, leading him to become an even unhappier and more desperate person. It is understandable why Lester feels like a sedated visitor in his own life. It is also easy to empathize with Lester when he states that he feels â€Å"in many ways already dead.† For Lester, his life at work is nothing better than his life at home. After fourteen years on the job, Lester is asked by an efficiency expert at work to write a memo justifying his position. This requires making the first of several choices, which will ultimately affect his future happiness. Should he justify his job and continue to provide for his family or choose freedom and a new life? To answer this question the audience must examine... ....† This is the first time in the movie in which it is apparent that he wants to know his own family and is just working out how to go about doing it. But it also allows Lester to be happy, happy for Jane to experience the â€Å"best thing he once had† a true loving relationship with Carolyn. Lester finds himself not sad that he is now missing that loving relationship, but happy that he got the chance to experience it at one point. By the end of the movie, Lester actually seems sincerely happy in his thoughts, in his mind and in his life. This is the happiness that he has been searching for all along. The discovery of happiness and the extinction of despair are two of the greatest feats known to humans. Everyone chooses which of the two will ultimately rule their life, but sometimes life itself can get in the way. Lester Burnham is a man with limits, a man without the freedom to know himself, but with the ability to overcome these boundaries. Throughout this movie Lester is taken down a path to which hedonism is the roadblock and morality is the hidden passage. For some the choice will never be able to be made, but to Lester, life was much too beautiful to ignore the possibilities.

Dentex Corporation Case Essay

The problems and issues mentioned in the case Dentex Corporation are: 1. Issue related to corporate social responsibility 2. Issue related to promotional deceiving 3. Issue related to equal opportunity in workplace 4. Issue related to employee responsibility 5. Issue related to bribery 1. Issue related to corporate social responsibility One of the major issues mentioned in the case is about corporate social responsibility. Dentex Corporation came up with the styling new line of car, Rento. It was considered as a rushed project, thus they skipped preliminary survey. The design was dominated by style different from the other Japanese and European cars, which lead to the placement of fuel tank behind the rear axle (Dentex Corporation, PDF document). The crush test results showed that Rento was less crush resistant and according to Harley Strop, an engineer involved in the crush test mentioned that Rento needed modification before launching (Dentex Corporation, PDF document). The Dentex’s Product Planning Committee and the Vice President, Rodford approved the design and launched it without any modification. According to moral minimum approach which states that businesses are obliged to maximize profit not by causing harm but it is not constrained by the duty  to prevent harm (Corporate social responsibility, Power Point Slides). Though Rodford was informed about the failed test and required modifications, he did not take any initiatives because he did not want to increase costs, as they were competing against the inexpensive European and Japanese cars. Their main target was to be cost effective and maximize profit and they are not causing any harm directly by launching this design. On the other hand, the moral responsibility includes causing harm, enabling harm, allowing harm, providing an opportunity for harm or failing to prevent harm (Corporate social responsibility, Power Point Slides). Here, launching this accident prone car is definitely providing an opportunity for the drivers to get harm, undertaking the modifications would prevent the risk of harm, but the company refused to do so. This is an example of ignorance by the company which resulted the death of Mrs. Ray and serious injury of Richard. Considering the utilitarian analysis the audience who will be affected are the customers, employees and management of the company, local community members and the company itself. The impact of this decision on the customers is very dangerous, they might be victims of accidents like Mrs. Ray and her son. The result is serious injury, trauma or death. In case of customers, their life is in risk. The local community members, who will be driving around the defaulted car might be victims of accidents too. Whereas the company itself will be impacted by losing reputation due to the unsafe car, they might lose profit because of lost sales and lastly they might lose money in lawsuits against the accidents. The employees and the management of the company might lose motivation to work in the company, because of the unethical act of the company by being responsible of launching a defaulted car. Due to the loss in sales and profit, the employees might get reduced benefits. The only pro avoiding modification of Rento from the utilitarian perspective is that the company will make short term profit. The cons can be the risk of customer death or injury, other community members being victim of accidents and in the long term the company will lose reputation and profit and loss of money due to lawsuit payments. The result of the utilitarian analysis states that this is wrong. Here the risk is losing life which has no substitute, whereas profits can be made later or through other  sources. Considering the rule utilitarian perspective, if all car companies adapted these unsafe measures people will no longer feel safe in buying cars and driving them along with their children. The deontological ethics states that there are things that we must do as a matter of principle regardless of consequences (Moral standards, PowerPoint Slides). Here the Vice President, Rodford had to act on the best interest of the company in making profit and surviving the competition against European and Japanese cars. Therefore he ignored the fact of putting people in risk of accidents. The positive right test assists the wellbeing of the company and its employee by making sales and profit. Whereas the negative right test overrides the wellbeing of the customers and the community members with the risk of death. Again since life is irreplaceable and profit can substituted by other means, the action of the company is wrong from the deontological view too. The policy that Dentex Corporation should follow is strict rules and regulation for the Product Planning Committee regarding product safety. There should be more awareness raised among the employees and management regarding the ethical responsibility towards the customers and society as a whole. 2. Issue related to promotional deceiving Another issue mentioned in the case is the deceptive advertising. Since the image of Rento was hampered because of the accidents, Dentex decided to develop a manipulative marketing strategy. Their strategy included targeting the young male crowd between the ages of 16 to 24, who can be influenced easily. The experimental researched and focus groups showed that this targeted group is the risk takers thus they created an ad saying â€Å"The Little Carefree Carâ€Å" (Dentex Corporation, PDF document). This is manipulation of individual’s decision through psychological appeal which exploits instincts, personal motivator, conformity, anxieties and low self-esteem to guide behaviour (Marketing-promotion and placement, Power Point Slides). Their strategy also included targeting older consumers who care about safety by  endorsing the Rento by authority figures. These ads included actors as mechanics and engineers to endorse the Rento by giving it a thumps up and trusting their children with the car ((Dentex Corporation, PDF document). This act is considered as deception of consumers because consumers tends to be convinced by the ad and buy the unsafe car that they would not have bought otherwise. The utilitarian analysis shows that the affected audience are the company employees and the customers. Through the manipulative advertising the employees will be able to reach their marketing and sales target that will be beneficial for the profitability of the company. Whereas the targeted customer who are manipulated spend their money on the Rento, they bear the risk of accidents and like Mrs. Ray and her son, they suffer from injury and death. The company is solely responsible for this kind of advertising and the consequences. The pros of this act will be the company sales and profit whereas the cons will be the risk of young crowd driving the accident prone car. Thus from the utilitarian perspective the deceiving promotional activities are wrong because of the harmful consequences. The consequence here is about human lives, as mentioned above they cannot be substituted whereas profits can be substituted. Autonomy is about making rational choice that is undue pressure and manipulation where the choice results from emotional insecurity and social pressure (Marketing-promotion and placement, Power Point Slides). According to the deontological ethics point of view the act violates autonomy by manipulating through psychological appeal. In case of the positive right test, the ads assist the company’s marketing department to reach its promotional goals and lead the company to more profit and sales. Whereas in the negative right test, the ads assist in interfering the freedom of choice through manipulation making them choose the car that is a threat to their lives. Thus due to the risk of life, the promotional deceiving is considered as wrong from deontological perspective. The management should be well aware of the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards those exist and manage the company accordingly to avoid lawsuits.  The standards that imply are Accuracy and Clarity, Testimonial and Ads to Minors (Marketing-promotion and placement, Power Point Slides) 3. Issue related to equal opportunity Diane Ross, an enthusiastic and hardworking employee of Dentex Corporation made her way up to the important management ranks. She was assigned for a management position of Rento in Mexico, where she had to work under James Carr (The Dentex Corporation, PDF document). The issue here is in front of the Mexican clients James addressed Diane as â€Å"cute little assistant† and â€Å"our lady manager†, whereas her responsibility was more than what was shown to them. As a result she was bypassed for important matters related to authority (The Dentex Corporation, PDF document). James’s reaction to this matter was that Mexican clients don’t understand women at authority thus he portrays her to be inferior in front of Mexican clients only. This violates her legal rights, which are rights that are granted to employees by law or judicial ruling (Employee Right, Power Point Slides). It infringes her right of equal opportunity because she is not able to maintain her responsibility and authority that she is entitled to as per her position. On a different perspective this is also violating her moral rights, which are the rights that originate in respect owned to employees as human beings and that are independent of any legal or contractual obligation (Employee Right, Power Point Slides). This infringes her right to fair treatment as an employee because she is just there to show the clients that there is a lady assistant, she is being treated inferiorly. Considering the utilitarian analysis, the audience of this action are Diane and other female employees of the company. Since Diane is unfairly treated, she will lose her motivation to work for the best interest of the company. She will be stressed during work since there is disturbance in role of authority. She will feel powerless and as a result she might lose self-respect. The consequence for the other female employees might be losing motivation since they are seeing Diane fail despite her ability and hard work. Therefore the pros of this action is James maintaining an image of  having a female employee in front of the Mexican clients and the cons is Diane losing motivation and getting worse at her work performance. As a result of the analysis this is considered wrong because it violates her moral rights and effects in deteriorating her ability. The deontological ethical perspective shows that the action violates Diane’s autonomy by interfering in her work. The negative right test assist in Diane losing her productivity and performance, thus proving the action to be wrong. The management of the company should be aware of the employee rights to avoid affirmative actions, which refers to policies that take positive steps to alleviate unequal treatment (Discriminations and harassment, Power Point Slides). The company should have information session for executives and management for ensuring fair treatment of employees. 4. Issue related to employee responsibility Harley Strop, the engineer in charge of the crush test figured that the prototypes do not pass the fuel system integrity safety. When prototypes were struck from behind at 20/mph, the vehicle could not resist that and there was a fuel spillage. At one test, the fuel came to the driver’s compartment due to lack of separation (The Dentex Corporation, PDF Document). Harley mentioned these problems in the test reports and mentioned about the modifications but still the Rento got approved by the Product Planning Committee. The broader stakeholder view states that employees has relationship and responsibilities towards other parties as well rather than only their employers. The other parties’ in this case is the society, coworkers, professional community and also mainly the customers (Employee responsibility, Power Point Slides). Harley being the engineer (gatekeeper), felt responsible for the defaulted car and informed the Vice President about this matter. As gatekeeper’s lack of expertise puts the public in vulnerable state, they have duty and responsibility to use their professional knowledge for the betterment of the public (Employee responsibility, Power Point Slides). In view of the utilitarian analysis, the affected audience are the employee (Harley), the customers, the society and the company. Here the engineer, Harley will be demotivated because his professional justifications are overlooked. His skills are being questioned, making him feel like his work is of no value to the company. Also considering his fiduciary duty to the customers, he might feel responsible for risks that the car owners are bearing, though he is powerless in front of the vice president. The customers on the other hand are bearing the risk of accidents affecting them with injury or death like Mrs. Ray and her son. The society as a whole will be losing trust on engineers and car manufacturers because they are not providing them with safety. Lastly the company will be hampering its image and reputation and might be losing customers. Therefore the pros of this action will be the short term sales and profit but the cons will be employee demotivation, might result in employee turnover and also threat of accident for the customers. As a result of the utilitarian analysis, the act of ignoring Harley’s observation is wrong because of the dangerous consequence. Here the risk is the safety of public, their life is in danger, which is irreplaceable compared to the company’s profit. According to the deontological analysis the vice president is maintaining his duty and obligation towards the company of maximizing profit, regardless of the consequences. On the other hand, the employee’s autonomy was violated because his accurate report was ignored and not valued. As per the deontological argument managerial employees have expertise on their specific field, such as the engineer which the employer lacks, such as the Vice President. Since the employer’s property depends on the employees, the employees have obligation to look after the interest of the employers (Employee responsibility, Power Point Slide). Therefore Harley was doing the right thing by letting the Vice President know about the flaws, because he is obliged to work for the best interest of the company, its image and performance. The management should have strict regulations for maintaining safety practise. The Product Planning committee should not be able to approve any project which does not meet the minimum safety requirements. Since  gatekeeper build the trust among the company and the customers, their values and judgements should not be overlooked by any under skilled third party. 5. Issue related to Bribery This issue is related to giving and receiving gift considered as â€Å"bribery†. The Rento line had a high demand in Mexico, thus dealers and franchises competed and used unfair means to do business. These gifts ranges from Mercedes Benz to Rolex watch and cash payments of thousand dollars. When Diane was faced with this problem, she was told that it was an accepted way of doing business in Mexico (The Dentex Corporation, PDF Documents). The utilitarian analysis shows that the affected audience are Diane, the Mexican dealers, the executive in Mexico and the company. Through this from of gifts the dealers get the benefit of being favored and do more business with the company resulting in gaining profit. The executives of the company are receiving expensive gifts and money which result in higher living standard and motivation for better performance. The company overall is meeting its objective of sales and profit. Whereas Diane is not being comfortable adapting the work culture in Mexico. She is being demotivated and performance is being worse. One of the pro of the gift giving culture is that the executives get motivation to work and their living standard improves. The business is gaining profit and the dealers are getting business. The only con is that Diane’s work performance is deteriorating due to lack of adaptation in the new work culture. As a result of the utilitarian analysis the bribery is causing good to the maximum number of people and just troubling Diane only, so this is not wrong. If Rule utilitarian view is considered, the consequence of adapting this culture in Mexico might hamper its future business because they are being biased to the dealers who provide gifts, rather than using fairs means of trade. The deontological ethical analysis show that receiving the gifts is not a duty or obligation for the executives. Also it is not overriding anyone’s autonomy. The positive right test assist in better living standard for the executives and also assist the Mexican dealers to do more business. The  negative right test only affects Diane’s performance. Therefore, from the deontological perspective this action is right. As per policy changes, the company should not relocated employees to locations with different work ethics. Here Diane should not have been sent to Mexico, since the work culture is different from America. As a result what she thinks is wrong might be right in Mexican work culture. The company should more focus on recruiting for management positions from local areas rather than overseas. Citations Petrenko. A. Corporate social responsibility [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Discrimination and Harassment [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Employee responsibility [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Employee rights [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Marketing (promotion and placement) [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Moral Standards [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. The Dentex Corporation [PDF Document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261

Kabaddi: South Asian Games and Bonus Line

Kabaddi is aptly known as the â€Å"GAME OF THE MASSES â€Å"due to its popularity, simplicity, easy to comprehend rules, and public appeal. The game calls for no sophisticated equipment what so ever, which makes it a very popular sport in the developing countries. It is basically an out door sport played on clay court, of late the game is being played on synthetic surface indoors with great success. The duration of the game is 45 minutes for MEN & Junior BOYS with a 5 minutes break in between for the teams to change sides.The duration of the game is 35 minutes with a 5 miniutes break in between for WOMEN, GIRLS, Sub-Junior BOYS and Sub-Junior GIRLS. Kabaddi is a combative team game, played on a rectangular court, either out-doors or indoors with seven players on the ground for each side. Each side takes alternate chances of offence and defense. The basic idea of the game is to score points by raiding into the opponents court and touching as many defense players as possible without getting caught on a single breath. During play, the players on the defensive side are called â€Å"Antis† while the player of the offense is called the â€Å"Raider†.Kabaddi is perhaps the only combative sport in which attack is an individual attempt while defense is a group effort. The attack in Kabaddi is known as a ‘Raid'. The antis touched by the raider during the attack are declared ‘out' if they do not succeed in catching, the raider before he returns to home court. These players can resume play only when their side scores points against the opposite side during their raiding turn or if the remaining players succeed in catching the opponent's raider. Yoga, the Indian science to control body and mind through meditation and self-control . lays an integral part of Kabaddi. The raider has to enter the opponent's court chanting the word â€Å"Kabaddi† while holding his breath and has to continue to do so until he returns to his home court. This is known as ‘Cant', which is closely related to â€Å"Pranayama† of yoga. While Pranayama is about with holding breath in order to exercise internal organs, cant is the means to with hold breath with vigorous physical activity. This is perhaps one of the few sports to combine yoga with hectic physical activity.The game calls for agility, good lung capacity, muscular co-ordination, presence of mind and quick responses. For a single player to take on seven opponents is no mean task, requires dare as well as an ability to concentrate and anticipate the opponent's moves. TECHNIQUES OF KABADDI TOP ORIGIN The sport has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. It was probably invented to ward off croup attacks by individuals and vice-versa. The game was very popular in the southern part of Asia played in its different forms under different names.A dramatized version of the great Indian epic, the â€Å"Mahabharata†. has made an analogy of the game to a tight situat ion faced by Abhimaneu, the heir of ‘ the Pandava kings when he is surrounded on all sides by the enemy. Buddhist literature speaks of the Gautam Buddha playing Kabaddi for recreation. History also reveals that princes of yore played Kabaddi to display their strength and win their brides! The game, known as Hu-Tu-Tu in Western India, Ha-Do-Do in Eastern India & Bangladesh, Chedugudu in Southern India and Kaunbada in Northern India, has undergone a sea chance through the ages.Modem Kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in its various forms under different names. TOP FORMS OF KABADDI AMAR Amar literally means invincible. This is a form of Kabaddi, which is played based -on points scored by both sides. The play field has no specific measurements and nine to eleven players constitute each of the teams. In this form of Kabaddi, there is no ‘out' and . revival' system or ‘Iona' but time is the deciding factor. The main advantage of this form of the game is that tile players remain in the court through out the match and are able to give their best performanceGEMINI This form of Kabaddi is played with nine players on either side, in a play-field of no specific measurements. The principle characteristic of this form of Kabaddi is that a player who is put out has to remain out until all his team members are put out. The team that is successful in putting out all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. This is akin to the present system of ‘Iona'. After all the players are put out, the team is revived and the game continues. The game continues until five or seven ‘Iona' are secured. The game has no fixed time.The main disadvantage of this form of Kabaddi is that the player Is not in position to give his best performance since he is likely to remain out for the better part of the match until a Iona is scored. SANJEEVANI This form of Kabaddi is the closest to the present game. In this form of Kabaddi, players are put out and re vived and the game lasts for 40 minutes with a 5-minute break in between. The team consists of nine players on each side. The team that puts out all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points for a ‘Iona'.The winning team is the one that scores the maximum number of points at the end of 40 minutes. The play field is bigger in this form of Kabaddi and the ‘cant' was different in various regions. Modem Kabaddi resembles this form of Kabaddi a great deal especially with regard to ‘out & revival system' and ‘Iona'. The present form of Kabaddi is a synthesis of all these forms of Kabaddi with a good number of changes in the rules and regulations. TOP THE GAME'S HISTORY Kabaddi attained National status in the year 1918. Maharashtra was the pioneer state to bring the game to the National platform and give it further popularity.Standard rules and regulations were formulated in 1918 but were brought out in print in the year 1923 and in this very year, an All India Tournament was organized at Baroda with these rules. Kabaddi has not looked back since then and numerous tournaments are organized all over the country through out the year. Kabaddi received its first Inter-National exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, demonstrated by Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra. The game was introduced in the Indian Olympic Games at Calcutta, in the year 1938.It was in 1950, that the All India Kabaddi Federation came into existence. Regular conduct of National level championships as per laid down rules and regulations began with effect from the year 1952. After the formation of the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the first men's Nationals were held in Madras (now re-named Chennai), while the women's Nationals were held in Calcutta in the year 1955. The rules were modified and some changes were introduced to the game during the National Championships held at New Delhi in the year 1954.Efforts were made to demonstrat e the game in the World Youth Festival held at Moscow in the year 1957, but due to various unforeseen reasons, this could not be accomplished. The game was included in the curriculum of the Indian University Sports Control Board as a main sports discipline in the year 1961. The game got further recognition when the School Games Federation of India included it in the school games in the year 1962. This body has taken up the responsibility of organizing state and national level competitions for school going children all over the country in various sports on a regular basis, every year.The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the new body, came into existence in the year 1972. This body was formed with a view to popularize the game in the neighboring countries and organize regular National level Men and Women tournaments. After the formation of this body, sub-junior and junior sections were included in Kabaddi national level tournaments, as a regular feature. Kabaddi was included in th e curriculum of Regular Diploma courses in coaching conducted by the National Institute of Sports, the premier institute to develop sports in the country with effect from the year 1971.There after, qualified coaches in Kabaddi are being produced every ear. The neighboring countries, Nepal & Bangladesh also send I their coaches for the diploma course in various disciplines including Kabaddi, regularly. These qualified coaches are equipped to train players at different levels in a systematic manner with sports science back up. In the year 1974, the Indian men's team toured Bangladesh as part of the cultural exchange program to play five test matches in different parts of the country.The Bangladesh returned the visit in the year 1979 and played five test matches in India. The Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation was formed in the year 1978, during the silver jubilee celebrations of National Kabaddi Championships in India, organized at Bhilai, Madhya Pradesh. The first Asian Championship in Kabaddi was organized in Calcutta, in the year 1980. A goodwill tour was organized in the year 1981 in which, the Indian men & women teams visited Thailand, Japan and Malaysia to play exhibition Kabaddi matches.Federation Cup Kabaddi matches also commenced in the year 1981. Kabaddi was included as a demonstration game in the IX Asian Games hosted by India in the year 1982. In the year 1984, an open Inter- National tournament was organized at Bombay (now renamed as Mumbai), in India. During the Tri-Centenary celebrations of the city of Calcutta, an Inter-National Invitation Kabaddi Tournament was organized in the city. The South Asian Federation included Kabaddi as a regular sports discipline from the year 1984. Kabaddi was played for first time in the SAF games at Dacca, Bangladesh.Since then Kabaddi is being included in every SAF Games, which is played every once in two years. For the first time in the Inter-National Kabaddi scenario, India faced defeat at the hands of Pakistan an d had to be satisfied with second place, winning the silver medal, in the VI SAF Games at Dacca, Bangladesh, in the year 1993. The second Asian Championship was hosted by India and was organized at Jaipur, Rajasthan. Malaysia and Japan participated for the first time in this Championship. In the XI Asian Games held in the year 1990 at Beijing, China, Kabaddi was included in the main disciplines.This was a major landmark in the history of Kabaddi. India won the Gold Medal, which was a proud and unforgettable moment for Kabaddi lovers who had strived to bring Kabaddi to the Asian platform. India has been the reigning champion in the succeeding Asian Games held in 1994 at Hiroshima, Japan and in the Asian Games held in 1998 at Bangkok in Thailand. An International Women Kabaddi tournament commenced in the year 1995, called the Nike Gold Cup, sponsored by NIKE, Japan. The III Asian Championship was hosted by Sri-Lanka in the year 2000.For the first time, Sri-Lanka secured a silver medal , defeating Kabaddi stalwarts Pakistan, in this Championship. Kabaddi will be introduced to the African countries as a demonstration sport in the Afro-Asian Games, which is to be hosted by India in the year 2002. This is a feather in the cap for Kabaddi lovers and has been made possible thanks to the efforts of Mr. J. S. Gehlot, President, Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India and the Indian Olympic Association. TOP DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAME There is a gradual but marked change in the style of the game during the past fifty years.What was once considered a game of brawn is not so now. The introduction of more techniques to the came has made it relatively easier for a player with more skill than weight to score points against better-built opponents. Over the years, the game's pattern changed along with the rules and the size of the playfield. The concept of Kabaddi as an Indigenous Game of India first came up during the year 1921 in Maharashtra, when a certain framework of rules was prep ared and the game was played on the pattern of Sanjeevani & Gemini in a combined form.A special committee was constituted in 1923 which amended the rules. These rules were applied in an All India Kabaddi Tournament organized during the same year. It was the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra, which took up the task of organizing and developing Kabaddi in a more systematic & scientific manner. This Institution believes in the maxim † A healthy mind in a healthy body†, and has been doing yeoman's service to sports in general and indigenous games in particular, over the years.During the years 1927 to 1952, Kabaddi was played in different parts of the country based on rules framed by the various clubs and organizing committees, which mushroomed and gained in prominence. There were frequent disputes over the rules during tournaments owing to lack of uniformity in the rules and regulations followed in various parts of the country. In Maharashtra, the pionee ring state to regularize the game and bring it to the National platform, Kabaddi, which was known as â€Å"Hu-Tu-Tu†, was played according to the rules framed by the Deccan Gymkhana from 1928 to I 938.The introduction of the game to the Inter-national arena as a demonstration game in the 1936 Berlin Olympics led to the inclusion of Kabaddi in the list of priority games of the Indian Olympic Committee, in the year 1940. Thereafter, Inter-provincial Kabaddi tournaments were organized biannually. The matches at the district and provincial level were played as per the rules framed by the Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal, while the Inter-Provincial Championships were based on Buck's Rules of Games and Sports, published by Mr. H. C Buck, Founder principal of YMCA College of Physical Education, Madras.The Indian Olympic Games were re-named as National Games in the year 1952 and are since being organized once in a year instead of biannually. The All India Kabaddi Federation , which was formed in the year 1952 appointed a ‘Rules Sub-Committee' with the express purpose of laying down standard rules and regulations to be followed by affiliated provincial units all over the country. A new set of rules were framed by the Rules Sub-Committee based on Buck's Rules and the game rules followed till then by the Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal.The game's pattern also changed over the years, along with the standardization of rules and regulations. Some of the major changes in the game's pattern include the introduction of the Unproductive Raid Rule, Time Out system, Bonus Line Game, etc that did not change the basic structure of the game but all the same had a lot of impact. Some of the major changes that had an impact on the game are being elaborated in this chapter for the benefit of the readers. UNPRODUCTIVE RAID RULEThe Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation at the behest of certain member countries introduced the Unproductive Raid Rule. The ‘ rule reads as follows. â€Å"If in three consecutive raids by a side no point is scored by either side, the opponent's will get a point. The referee shall immediately declare such point which is to be recorded in the running score sheet by cutting the number with a cross mark â€Å"X†. The counts of such unproductive raids shall not be carried over to the game after ‘Lona', recess at half time and to extra time. â€Å"[Rules of Kabaddi Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation 1980]As per the rule, in case no point is scored in three consecutive raids, the opponent's side automatically gains a point. The referee is to immediately declare the point which shall be recorded in the running score sheet with the mark ‘X'. Though the score sheets records the scoring of a point, there is to be no revival of teammates as in the normal points scored. The idea behind the introduction of this rule was to make sure that the raider went all out to struggle and gain points in order to avoid the risk of giving away points to the opponent's side through three consecutive unproductive raids.However, it did not work out the way in which it was visualized, since the game lost some of its thrill and the scores did not reflect the true picture of the team's performance. After practicing the rule for three years in the National as well as Inter-National level, it was unanimously decided by the Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation and the Amateur Kabaddi federation of India to cancel the rule. Now the rule is not in force at either the National or the inter- National level anymore. TIME OUT SYSTEM The time out system has recently been introduced in the Asian and Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India rules.Hither to, â€Å"Time Out† was allowed when called by the captain of the team, with the permission of the referee, only in the event of injury of a player, not exceeding two minutes. Even in such an instance, no player on either side was allowed to leave the court witho ut the permission of the referee. The Time Out Rule reads: † Each team shall be allowed to take two ‘time out' of 30 seconds in each half. Such time out may be called by the captain/coach of the team with the permission of the referee. † †¢During the time out, team shall not leave the ground.Any violation is committed by the player/s/coach; a technical point shall be awarded to the opponent team. †¢Official time out: In the event of any injury to a player only, the referee shall call such time out. Such time out should not exceed two minutes. † BONUS LINE GAME The bonus line rule came into existence in the year 1978 as an out-come of some experiments conducted during a workshop organized by the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India in the year 1976, to make the game more interesting. The Bonus Line is a line drawn parallel to the baulk line at a distance of one meter from the baulk line towards the end line.The rule reads: †¢Bon-us Line should be drawn at a distance of one meter from the baulk line towards the end lines. †¢One point shall be awarded to the raider when he completely crosses the Bonus Line. If the raider is caught, he shall be declared out and the opponent shall be awarded one point. One point shall also be awarded to the raider for having crossed the bonus line first. In this situation, the raider shall be awarded first point. †¢The bonus line will be applicable when there are minimum six players in the court.The bonus point shall be awarded by the Referee/Umpire after the completion of the raid, by showing thumb upwards towards the side which scores. †¢There shall be no revival for bonus point. †¢The bonus point shall be marked in the shape of a triangle in the running score. †¢If the raider after crossing the bonus line reaches home court safely touching one or more antis he will be awarded one bonus point in addition to the numbers. † It is further clarified that crossing th e Bonus Line is not compulsory and this rule applies only when the raider crosses the bonus line before the struggle.This rule makes the game more interesting since agile raiders can score points for their side without the risk of a struggle. A good defense is required to counter the raider's move to cross the Bonus Line and as such, the defense will concentrate on the Bonus Line, which will make the playing area smaller and increase the game's tempo. Without the Bonus Line, it is possible that both sides begin very cautiously and end up with zero or single digit points, which makes the match very dull and slow.It is also possible that neither the raider nor the defense will take any risk, which will make the result of the match very predictable. This rule is being followed in the Kabaddi tournaments at all levels in India and efforts are being made to include the rule at the Asian Level. In the meeting of the Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation held during the SAF Games at Katmandu, N epal 1999, it was decided that the Bonus Line Rule be adopted by all member countries on an experimental basis for competitions at National level so as to consider the inclusion of the rule in the next Asian Games 2002.

Media and propaganda

The strike at California State University, associated with allegedly low salaries of the staff has been covered by a number of mass communication media. The present paper is intended to compare the messages from different sources, analyze and find media biases and the elements of propaganda. As the preliminary results suggest, most articles are biased, and one of them emphatically urges Americans to support the action.The first article in the scope, written by C.Arjentera and published in the Monterey County Star places accents and emphases in quite an unusual way. For instance, the article first and foremost describes the strike: â€Å"The union has announced that a strike, which would be the first for our system, would be a series of two-day rolling actions that would move from campus to campus sometime in April or May. Eventually affecting all 23 – including CSU-Monterey Bay† (Arjentera, 2007, p. 5).Furthermore, the author provides the criticism and claims of the dis satisfied faculty member who states that union is likely to decline after the introduction of the tradition of job actions. The paper also includes the local officials, but presenting their views, the article implicitly claims that the administration is merely concerned about the deterioration of education quality in the university, which might appear during the strike.The true cause of the strike is presented only at the end of the article: â€Å"Faculty and administrators agree CSU instructors are paid less that peers at comparable institutions in other states† (Arjentera, 2007, p. 5). As one can understand, the author seems to have kept in mind the features of human perception (the leading paragraph is most likely to be memorized) and deliberately placed the negative messages concerning the strike and the perceived poor professionalism at the beginning, whereas the participants’ problem are mentioned very briefly in the concluding chapter.On the contrary, the articl e at NBC.com is much more neutral and contains neither positive not negative propaganda. Its structure can be outlined in the following way: 1) a brief, but comprehensive idea about the strike; 2) the real extent of the problem (figures); 3) quotations of faculty members’ statements; 4) administration’s view on the problem and the statement of the need for compromise. The article seems to cover different views on the job action –from positively enthusiastic to extremely cautious, most importantly, there are real people, who stand beyond these messages: â€Å"We don’t understand why they feel they can’t make some kind of reasonable offer to us†. – Canton says†; â€Å"Well what about students? How do we make them competitive?How do we make sure the faculty (is) competitive? It’s not just about administrators†, said San Francisco Sen.Leland Yee† (http://www.nbc11.com/news, 2007). This means, the officials are in reality aware of the multiple sides of the situation and pay attention not merely to the strikers’ manifested needs, defended through a degree of pressure, but also at the possible positive outcomes, rather than putting forth the claims like ‘If we don’t reach consensus, the quality of education will fall’, implied in the previous paper.The official CSU site describes the event not merely as a PR-action, but as a pompous event: â€Å"John Travis, the president of the California Faculty Association, called it â€Å"a truly historic day† (Gavios, 2007). As one can understand, due to the fact that the web-page belongs to the university, it is supposed to highlight the subjective importance of the action for the staff, rather than in broader social context. Thus, the article describes the extent of the strike and its features – for instance, the author notes that the job action is not a traditional strike, as it doesn’t infringe upon the students’ interests and implies almost no withdrawal from work, merely walkouts and picketing.The implicit message in this focus is understandable: the author tries to show how the strikers care about their learners and how successfully they combine their labor with the protest. Furthermore, the paper contains no opinions of state officials and administration, narrowing the focus to few union members and the possibility of the introduction of additional efforts, if the strike at this stage is fruitless. Although this article contains certain biases like shifting accents, it cannot be classified as propaganda, as it simply resembles a position statement and the extent of support the strikers have received.The final paper I would like to analyze is the article by Leland Yee, which contains the elements of explicit propaganda and is performed in extremely emotional tone, which infer the senator’s   deep sympathy for the underpaid laborers: â€Å"It is no wonder the fa culty at our state universities are voting in overwhelming numbers to go on strike. I, like many other legislators, students and taxpayers, share the faculty’s frustration† (Yee, 2007).The official completely consents to the participants’ demands, moreover –restates them different times and argues that even the support from higher education network, which has doubled the teachers’ salaries over the two last years, nevertheless doesn’t fill the income gap, when comparing professors from CSU and other universities. The basic message the article underlies is: ‘Well-educated and professional staff should not be discriminated and discredited with low salaries’. The author finally encourages his audience to join the strike: â€Å"Please join us in bringing much needed transparency, accountability and public access to our institutions of higher education by supporting SB 190† (Yee, 2007)As one can understand from this analysis, o nly one article contains no biases, which is the paper on NBC.com, whose author seems impartial, consistent and logical, as the article is structured very soundly: the first paragraph answers all vital questions like â€Å"When?†, â€Å"Why?’, â€Å"Where?†, â€Å"Who else is involved?† (whereas Arjentera’s and Yee’s papers omit some of these questions in the first paragraph) ; in addition, the paper contains the fragments of opinions and standpoints,   which are different in nature and tone. Arjentera’s article contains too much words like â€Å"reject† or â€Å"refuse† as well as negative statements, pointing to the deficiencies rather than to goals and the possible steps towards compromise.Moreover, it is written in quite pessimistic spirit: â€Å"Union leaders dispute that most teachers would actually receive that much and disagree over a merit pay proposal† (the concluding paragraph) (Arjentera, 2007, p.5) . Thus, the author implies that the action is to certain degree pointless. Yee’s and Gavious’s papers are explicitly optimistic, and both seem to take the strikers’ side.Although the latter paper is situated on CSU site, it doesn’t contain any radical positions, but it can be declared as biased nonetheless, as the author doesn’t include the true impact of the strike on students and California state budget, yet he notes that the teachers will not miss many lessons. Yee’s paper contains explicit propaganda and the promotions of the strikers’ interests. Due to the fact that the author is the influential political figure, his request to support the participants is extremely strong in terms of its power over public consciousness.In conclusion, I would like to post my recommendations for citizens, who wish to learn more about the events. NBC.com has appeared the most reliable and credible source, but I wouldn’t like to advertise or p romote it – in fact, to launch critical thinking, it would be enough to read or listen to the news from three-four different sources and think carefully not merely on the strike itself, but also consider its financial side and outcomes for the state budget as well as the possible improvement of education quality at the university.Reference listArjentera, C. (22 March 2007). CSU faculty authorize a strike. Teachers still negotiating with college system. Monterey County Herald, p.5.NBC news. (21 March 2007). Votes Are In; CSU Strike Looms. Available online at: http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/Gavios, J. (22 March 2007). Faculty Union for California State U. Authorizes ‘Rolling Walkouts’ if Contract Negotiations Fall. Chronicles of Higher Education. Available online at: https://www2.calstate.edu/mediacenter/